An actuator is a device that converts electrical energy into physical energy. It receives an electrical signal as input and produces a corresponding physical output. Actuators are used in a wide range of applications, from simple robots to complex industrial automation systems.

A sensor is a device that detects and measures physical or environmental parameters, such as temperature, pressure, light, sound, or motion. Sensors convert the measured parameter into an electrical signal that can be processed and analyzed by other electronic components.

An integrated circuit (IC) is a set of electronic components, such as transistors, diodes, and resistors, that are fabricated onto a single piece of semiconductor material, typically silicon. ICs are designed to perform a specific function or set of functions, and they are often referred to as “chips”.

A thyristor is a type of semiconductor device that can be used for power control and switching applications. It’s a four-layer device with three terminals: Anode, Cathode, and Gate.

A transistor is a type of semiconductor device that can amplify or switch electronic signals. It consists of three layers of a semiconductor material, typically silicon, with each layer having a different electrical charge.